jusqu’à

Jusqu’à is a common French preposition meaning “until,” “up to,” or “as far as,” depending on context. It expresses a limit in time, space, quantity, or extent. Its form changes slightly when combined with certain words, producing variants such as jusqu’au, jusqu’aux, jusqu’en, and jusqu’à ce que.


1. Temporal use: “until”

When referring to time, jusqu’à means “until” or “up to (a certain time).” It introduces a specific moment or period.

  • J’ai travaillé jusqu’à minuit. – I worked until midnight.
  • Il dort jusqu’à midi. – He sleeps until noon.
  • Attends jusqu’à demain. – Wait until tomorrow.
  • Jusqu’à présent, tout va bien. – Until now, everything is fine.

Variants

  • Jusqu’au matin – until morning
  • Jusqu’à la fin du mois – until the end of the month
  • Jusqu’en juin – until June
  • Jusqu’à ce jour – until this day

2. Spatial use: “as far as” or “up to”

In spatial contexts, jusqu’à indicates a limit of movement or distance.

  • Va jusqu’à la porte. – Go up to the door.
  • Nous sommes allés jusqu’à la rivière. – We went as far as the river.
  • Ils ont marché jusqu’au sommet. – They walked up to the summit.
  • Le train va jusqu’à Marseille. – The train goes as far as Marseille.

Variants

  • Jusqu’au bout de la rue – to the end of the street
  • Jusqu’aux montagnes – up to the mountains
  • Jusqu’en Espagne – as far as Spain

3. Quantitative and abstract uses

Jusqu’à can mark the extent or limit of an action, idea, or emotion.

  • Il est allé jusqu’à mentir. – He went so far as to lie.
  • Elle est prête jusqu’au sacrifice. – She is ready to go as far as sacrificing herself.
  • Je t’aime jusqu’à la folie. – I love you madly (literally “up to madness”).
  • Il a attendu jusqu’à l’impossible. – He waited beyond reason.

4. The expression jusqu’à ce que

When followed by a clause, jusqu’à ce que means “until” and always takes the subjunctive.

  • Attends jusqu’à ce qu’il revienne. – Wait until he comes back.
  • Je resterai ici jusqu’à ce que tu partes. – I will stay here until you leave.
  • Ils ont parlé jusqu’à ce qu’il fasse nuit. – They talked until it got dark.

5. Variants with contractions

Jusqu’à combines with the definite article when followed by masculine or plural nouns:

  • jusqu’au = jusqu’à + le (until/to the)
    • Jusqu’au matin, jusqu’au pont, jusqu’au bout
  • jusqu’aux = jusqu’à + les (until/to the plural)
    • Jusqu’aux vacances, jusqu’aux collines
  • jusqu’à la – used with feminine nouns
    • Jusqu’à la gare, jusqu’à la mer
  • jusqu’en – used before countries, months, or years without an article
    • Jusqu’en France, jusqu’en 2020, jusqu’en septembre

6. Idiomatic expressions

  • Jusqu’à présent – until now
  • Jusqu’à nouvel ordre – until further notice
  • Jusqu’à plus soif – to one’s heart’s content (literally “until more thirst”)
  • Jusqu’à la mort – until death
  • Jusqu’à ce niveau – up to this level
  • Aller jusqu’au bout – to go all the way, to see something through
  • Être patient jusqu’à l’extrême – to be patient to the extreme

Summary

  • Jusqu’à expresses a limit in time, space, quantity, or extent.
  • Temporal: jusqu’à minuit (until midnight).
  • Spatial: jusqu’à la porte (as far as the door).
  • Abstract: jusqu’à mentir (to the point of lying).
  • Jusqu’à ce que introduces a clause with the subjunctive.
  • Common variants: jusqu’au, jusqu’aux, jusqu’à la, jusqu’en.

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