savoir vs connaître

The French verbs savoir and connaître both relate to knowledge, but they are used in different ways. In general, savoir means “to know a fact,” “to know how,” or “to know information.” Connaître means “to know” a person, place, thing, or subject because you are familiar with it.

Choosing the right verb is one of the most common problems for English speakers because English usually uses the single verb “to know.”

The basic difference

Use savoir when talking about:

  • Facts or information
  • Skills or abilities
  • Answers
  • Whether something is true
  • How to do something

Use connaître when talking about:

  • People
  • Places
  • Works of art
  • Books, films and songs
  • Subjects or fields that you know well because you are familiar with them

Using savoir

Knowing a fact

Savoir is followed by a clause, question word, or statement.

Examples:

  • Je sais qu’il est arrivé. – “I know that he arrived.”
  • Nous savons que c’est vrai. – “We know that it is true.”
  • Elle sait où il habite. – “She knows where he lives.”
  • Tu sais pourquoi il est parti ? – “Do you know why he left?”
  • Je ne sais pas si elle viendra. – “I don’t know whether she will come.”

Common patterns:

  • Savoir que – “To know that”
  • Savoir si – “To know whether”
  • Savoir où – “To know where”
  • Savoir quand – “To know when”
  • Savoir pourquoi – “To know why”
  • Savoir comment – “To know how”

Examples:

  • Savez-vous où est la gare ? – “Do you know where the station is?”
  • Je sais quand il arrive. – “I know when he is arriving.”

Knowing how to do something

Savoir is followed by an infinitive.

Examples:

  • Je sais conduire. – “I know how to drive.”
  • Elle sait cuisiner. – “She knows how to cook.”
  • Nous savons nager. – “We know how to swim.”
  • Tu sais parler espagnol ? – “Do you know how to speak Spanish?”
  • Ils savent réparer un vélo. – “They know how to repair a bicycle.”

Compare:

  • Je sais jouer du piano. – “I know how to play the piano.”
  • Je connais ce piano. – “I know this piano.”

The first refers to ability. The second refers to familiarity with a particular piano.

Knowing an answer

Examples:

  • Je sais la réponse. – “I know the answer.”
  • Personne ne sait son âge exact. – “Nobody knows his exact age.”
  • Tu sais son numéro ? – “Do you know his number?”

Common expressions with savoir

  • Je ne sais pas. – “I don’t know.”
  • Qui sait ? – “Who knows?”
  • Vous savez… – “You know…”
  • Autant que je sache… – “As far as I know…”
  • À ce que je sache… – “As far as I know…”

Examples:

  • Je ne sais pas quoi faire. – “I don’t know what to do.”
  • Qui sait ce qui va arriver ? – “Who knows what will happen?”
  • À ce que je sache, il est toujours à Paris. – “As far as I know, he is still in Paris.”

Using connaître

Knowing a person

Examples:

  • Je connais Marie. – “I know Marie.”
  • Nous connaissons son frère. – “We know his brother.”
  • Connaissez-vous le nouveau directeur ? – “Do you know the new manager?”
  • Je ne connais personne ici. – “I don’t know anyone here.”

Being familiar with a place

Examples:

  • Je connais Paris. – “I know Paris.”
  • Elle connaît très bien Londres. – “She knows London very well.”
  • Nous connaissons ce quartier. – “We know this neighbourhood.”
  • Tu connais ce restaurant ? – “Do you know this restaurant?”

Being familiar with a thing

Examples:

  • Je connais ce livre. – “I know this book.”
  • Tu connais cette chanson ? – “Do you know this song?”
  • Ils connaissent cette marque. – “They know this brand.”
  • Je connais cette histoire. – “I know this story.”

Being familiar with a subject

Examples:

  • Elle connaît bien l’histoire de France. – “She knows French history well.”
  • Il connaît le droit international. – “He knows international law.”
  • Tu connais bien la cuisine italienne. – “You know Italian cooking well.”

A simple way to remember

Ask yourself what kind of knowledge is involved.

If it is information, use savoir.

If it is familiarity through experience, use connaître.

Compare the two verbs

  • Je sais où est Paul. – “I know where Paul is.”
  • Je connais Paul. – “I know Paul.”
  • Je sais jouer aux échecs. – “I know how to play chess.”
  • Je connais ce jeu. – “I know this game.”
  • Elle sait la vérité. – “She knows the truth.”
  • Elle connaît la victime. – “She knows the victim.”
  • Nous savons que le musée est fermé. – “We know that the museum is closed.”
  • Nous connaissons ce musée. – “We know this museum.”

Cases that often confuse learners

Knowing a language

When talking about speaking a language, use savoir with an infinitive.

  • Je sais parler Français. – “I know how to speak French.”

However, French speakers usually say:

  • Je parle Français. – “I speak French.”

To describe familiarity with a language, literature or culture, use connaître.

  • Elle connaît bien le Français du Québec. – “She knows Quebec French well.”
  • Il connaît bien la littérature Française. – “He knows French literature well.”

Knowing by heart

French does not use either verb.

Instead use:

  • Connaître par cœur – “To know by heart”

Examples:

  • Je connais ce poème par cœur. – “I know this poem by heart.”
  • Elle connaît les paroles par cœur. – “She knows the lyrics by heart.”

Getting to know someone

Use faire la connaissance de.

Examples:

  • J’ai fait la connaissance de Sophie hier. – “I met Sophie yesterday.”
  • Nous avons fait la connaissance de nos voisins. – “We got to know our neighbours.”

Meeting someone for the first time

Another common expression is:

  • Rencontrer – “To meet”

Example:

  • J’ai rencontré Paul au travail. – “I met Paul at work.”

Common mistakes

Incorrect:

  • Je connais qu’il est malade.

Correct:

  • Je sais qu’il est malade. – “I know that he is ill.”

Incorrect:

  • Je sais Marie.

Correct:

  • Je connais Marie. – “I know Marie.”

Incorrect:

  • Je connais conduire.

Correct:

  • Je sais conduire. – “I know how to drive.”

Incorrect:

  • Je sais Paris.

Correct:

  • Je connais Paris. – “I know Paris.”

Useful expressions

With savoir:

  • Savoir quelque chose – “To know something”
  • Savoir faire quelque chose – “To know how to do something”
  • Savoir par expérience – “To know from experience”
  • Savoir de quoi il s’agit – “To know what it is about”

With connaître:

  • Connaître quelqu’un – “To know someone”
  • Connaître un endroit – “To know a place”
  • Connaître un sujet – “To know a subject”
  • Bien connaître – “To know well”
  • Mal connaître – “To know poorly”

Alternative expressions

Instead of savoir, French sometimes uses:

  • Être au courant de – “To be aware of”
  • Être informé de – “To be informed about”
  • Avoir appris – “To have learned”

Examples:

  • Je suis au courant de la réunion. – “I know about the meeting.”
  • Nous sommes informés des changements. – “We know about the changes.”

Instead of connaître, French sometimes uses:

  • Être familier avec – “To be familiar with”
  • Avoir l’habitude de – “To be used to”

Examples:

  • Je suis familier avec ce logiciel. – “I am familiar with this software.”
  • Elle a l’habitude de cette région. – “She is familiar with this region.”

Practice exercises

Exercise 1

Choose savoir or connaître.

  1. Je _____ Marie depuis dix ans.
  2. Tu _____ où est la pharmacie ?
  3. Nous _____ cette ville très bien.
  4. Elle _____ jouer du violon.
  5. Ils _____ que le train est en retard.
  6. Vous _____ ce film ?
  7. Je ne _____ pas la réponse.
  8. Mon frère _____ beaucoup de personnes ici.
  9. Est-ce que tu _____ cuisiner ?
  10. Nous _____ cette chanson.

Exercise 2

Translate into French.

  1. I know John.
  2. I know where she lives.
  3. We know this museum.
  4. She knows how to swim.
  5. Do you know the answer?
  6. I know this author.
  7. They know that we are coming.
  8. Do you know this village?
  9. He knows how to repair computers.
  10. I don’t know why she left.

Exercise 3

Correct the mistakes.

  1. Je sais Pierre.
  2. Je connais où il travaille.
  3. Nous savons ce restaurant.
  4. Elle connaît parler Italien.
  5. Tu sais cette ville ?
  6. Je connais qu’il est arrivé.
  7. Ils savent leurs voisins.
  8. Vous connaissez la réponse ?
  9. Je sais ce livre.
  10. Elle connaît nager.

Answers

Exercise 1

  1. connais
  2. sais
  3. connaissons
  4. sait
  5. savent
  6. connaissez
  7. sais
  8. connaît
  9. sais
  10. connaissons

Exercise 2

  1. Je connais John.
  2. Je sais où elle habite.
  3. Nous connaissons ce musée.
  4. Elle sait nager.
  5. Connais-tu la réponse ? or Sais-tu la réponse ?
  6. Je connais cet auteur.
  7. Ils savent que nous arrivons.
  8. Connais-tu ce village ?
  9. Il sait réparer des ordinateurs.
  10. Je ne sais pas pourquoi elle est partie.

Exercise 3

  1. Je connais Pierre.
  2. Je sais où il travaille.
  3. Nous connaissons ce restaurant.
  4. Elle sait parler Italien.
  5. Tu connais cette ville ?
  6. Je sais qu’il est arrivé.
  7. Ils connaissent leurs voisins.
  8. Vous savez la réponse ? or Connaissez-vous la réponse ?
  9. Je connais ce livre.
  10. Elle sait nager.

Summary

  • Use savoir for facts, information, answers and abilities.
  • Use savoir before a clause or an infinitive.
  • Use Connaître for people, places, things and subjects that are familiar to you.
  • Savoir often answers the question “What do you know?”
  • Connaître often answers the question “Whom or what are you familiar with?”
  • Some expressions use neither verb, such as faire la connaissance de and rencontrer.

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