par

The French word par is one of the most common and wide-ranging French prepositions. It often marks a path, means, cause, rate, distribution, or agent. English has no single word that matches it. Depending on the setting, par may mean by, through, via, per, because of, across, among, or in parts.

It is used in everyday speech, writing, science, maths, travel, and fixed phrases. Much of its meaning comes from the basic idea of movement through something or movement by means of something.

Origin of par

Par comes from Latin per, meaning through, by means of, or across.

Latin per gave rise to several French forms and words:

  • par through, by
  • parcourir to travel through
  • parvenir to reach
  • percer to pierce
  • permettre to allow

Over time, the old sound changed and per became par in French.

The old idea of movement through something still sits beneath many modern uses:

  • Going through a place
  • Doing something through a method
  • Reaching a result through a cause
  • Dividing something into parts

Par meaning “by” for means or method

This is one of the most common uses. It shows how something happens or what is used to make it happen.

Examples:

  • Je voyage par train. “I travel by train.”
  • Elle a envoyé le document par courrier. “She sent the document by mail.”
  • Nous avons appris la nouvelle par un ami. “We learned the news through a friend.”
  • Je paie par carte. “I pay by card.”
  • Il communique par internet. “He communicates through the internet.”

Related forms:

  • Au moyen de by means of
  • Grâce à thanks to
  • À l’aide de with the help of

Comparison:

  • Je l’ai appris par Marie. “I learned it through Marie.”
  • Je l’ai appris grâce à Marie. “I learned it thanks to Marie.”

The second form adds a good feeling or sense of help.

Par meaning “through” or “across”

It can show movement through a place or area.

Examples:

  • Nous sommes passés par Paris. “We went through Paris.”
  • Il est entré par la fenêtre. “He came in through the window.”
  • Ils marchent par les bois. “They are walking through the woods.”
  • Le fleuve passe par la ville. “The river passes through the city.”

Related forms:

  • À travers through, across
  • En traversant by crossing

Comparison:

  • Il passe par le tunnel. “He goes through the tunnel.”
  • Il passe à travers le tunnel. “He goes across the tunnel.”

À travers often gives a stronger sense of crossing physical space.

Par meaning “because of”

It can give a reason or cause.

Examples:

  • Il a agi par peur. “He acted out of fear.”
  • Elle a fait cela par amour. “She did that out of love.”
  • Ils l’ont aidé par gentillesse. “They helped him out of kindness.”
  • Je l’ai dit par erreur. “I said it by mistake.”

Related forms:

  • À cause de because of
  • En raison de because of
  • Grâce à thanks to

Comparison:

  • Il est parti par colère. “He left out of anger.”
  • Il est parti à cause de sa colère. “He left because of his anger.”

The first points more to inner motive.

Par meaning “per”

French often uses par for rates, measures, or repeated amounts.

Examples:

  • Deux fois par semaine. “Twice per week.”
  • Cent kilomètres par heure. “One hundred kilometres per hour.”
  • Trois euros par kilo. “Three euros per kilo.”
  • Je gagne mille euros par mois. “I earn one thousand euros per month.”

Related forms:

English sometimes uses a slash instead:

  • km/h
  • dollars/day

French often keeps par in speech.

Par meaning “by” in passive sentences

French passive forms often use par to show who performs an action.

Examples:

  • Le livre a été écrit par Victor Hugo. “The book was written by Victor Hugo.”
  • La maison a été construite par mon grand-père. “The house was built by my grandfather.”
  • Le voleur a été arrêté par la police. “The thief was arrested by the police.”

There is another word, de, which can sometimes appear instead.

Examples:

  • Elle est respectée de tous. “She is respected by everyone.”
  • Cette ville est entourée de montagnes. “This town is surrounded by mountains.”

This use of de is more limited and often appears with states, feelings, or set forms.

Par meaning “in parts” or “distributed”

Par can show separation into groups or repeated units.

Examples:

  • Ils travaillent par équipes. “They work in teams.”
  • Entrez par groupes de deux. “Come in in groups of two.”
  • Il avance par étapes. “He moves forward in stages.”
  • Nous procédons par élimination. “We proceed by elimination.”

Related forms:

  • En groupes in groups
  • Étape par étape step by step

Fixed expressions with par

French has many set phrases built around par.

Examples:

  • Par hasard “By chance”
  • Par exemple “For example”
  • Par contre “On the other hand”
  • Parfois “Sometimes”
  • Par cœur “By heart”
  • Par terre “On the ground”
  • Par ici “This way”
  • Par là “That way”
  • Par avance “In advance”
  • Par conséquent “As a result”

Examples in sentences:

  • Je l’ai trouvé par hasard. “I found it by chance.”
  • Par exemple, ce mot est très courant. “For example, this word is very common.”
  • Je connais ce poème par cœur. “I know this poem by heart.”
  • Le livre est tombé par terre. “The book fell on the ground.”

Common learner problems

English speakers often struggle because English uses many different words where French uses par.

Wrong:

  • Je voyage avec train.

Correct:

  • Je voyage par train. “I travel by train.”

Wrong:

  • Deux fois dans semaine.

Correct:

  • Deux fois par semaine. “Twice per week.”

Wrong:

  • Je l’ai appris de un ami.

Correct:

  • Je l’ai appris par un ami. “I learned it through a friend.”

Par and pour

These two words are often mixed up.

Par usually points to method, cause, path, or means.

Pour usually points to aim, goal, or purpose.

Compare:

  • Je travaille pour ma famille. “I work for my family.”
  • Je travaille par nécessité. “I work out of necessity.”
  • Je passe par Lyon. “I go through Lyon.”
  • Je vais à Lyon pour le travail. “I am going to Lyon for work.”

Summary

Main uses of par include:

  • Means or method: par train, par courrier
  • Movement through: par Paris
  • Cause or motive: par peur
  • Rates and measures: par heure
  • Passive action: écrit par
  • Division into parts: par groupes
  • Fixed phrases: par hasard, par exemple, par cœur

The old Latin sense of “through” still links many of these meanings together.

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