first, firstly

French offers multiple ways to express the concept of “first,” each suited to different contexts. The choice depends on whether you’re describing ordinal position, temporal priority, or organizing arguments in discourse.

Premier and première: the ordinal adjective

Premier (masculine) and première (feminine) function as adjectives meaning “first” in sequential or hierarchical ordering. They agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify.

Basic usage

  • C’est mon premier jour de travail. — It’s my first day of work.
  • Elle habite au premier étage. — She lives on the first floor.
  • La première fois que je l’ai vu, j’étais impressionné. — The first time I saw him, I was impressed.
  • Les premiers résultats sont encourageants. — The first results are encouraging.
  • Nous avons raté les premières minutes du film. — We missed the first minutes of the film.

With specific contexts

In dates and rankings, premier takes a specific form:

  • Le premier janvier — The first of January
  • Il est arrivé premier. — He came in first (place).
  • Elle est première de sa classe. — She’s first in her class.

Abbreviated forms

Premier and première commonly appear abbreviated:

  • 1er (premier) — 1st
  • 1re or 1ère (première) — 1st

Examples:

  • Le 1er mai — The 1st of May
  • La 1re guerre mondiale — The First World War

D’abord: temporal priority

D’abord means “first” in the sense of temporal sequence, indicating what happens before other events. It translates as “first,” “at first,” or “initially.”

Indicating sequence

  • D’abord, je vais prendre une douche. — First, I’m going to take a shower.
  • Il faut d’abord comprendre le problème. — We must first understand the problem.
  • D’abord on mélange les ingrédients, puis on cuit le mélange. — First we mix the ingredients, then we cook the mixture.
  • Je pensais d’abord qu’il avait raison. — I thought at first that he was right.

Position in sentence

D’abord can appear at the beginning, middle, or end of sentences:

  • D’abord, laisse-moi finir. — First, let me finish.
  • Je veux d’abord vérifier les détails. — I want to first check the details.
  • Occupons-nous de ça d’abord. — Let’s deal with that first.

Alternatives to d’abord

Similar expressions include:

  • Tout d’abord — First of all (more emphatic)
  • En premier lieu — In the first place (formal)
  • Pour commencer — To start with
  • Avant tout — Before anything else, above all
  • Premièrement — Firstly (in lists)

Examples:

  • Tout d’abord, je tiens à vous remercier. — First of all, I want to thank you.
  • En premier lieu, nous devons établir les faits. — In the first place, we must establish the facts.
  • Pour commencer, on va réviser les bases. — To start with, we’re going to review the basics.

Premièrement: organizing discourse

Premièrement functions as a discourse marker meaning “firstly” or “in the first place.” It typically introduces the first point in an enumerated list of arguments or ideas.

In formal enumeration

  • Premièrement, le projet est trop coûteux. — Firstly, the project is too expensive.
  • Je refuse pour trois raisons: premièrement, je n’ai pas le temps. — I refuse for three reasons: firstly, I don’t have time.
  • Premièrement, nous analyserons les causes. — Firstly, we will analyze the causes.

Sequential markers

Premièrement typically pairs with other ordinal adverbs in structured arguments:

  • Premièrement…, deuxièmement…, troisièmement… — Firstly…, secondly…, thirdly…
  • Premièrement…, ensuite…, enfin… — Firstly…, then…, finally…

Example:

  • Premièrement, nous manquons de personnel. Deuxièmement, le budget est insuffisant. Troisièmement, les délais sont trop courts. — Firstly, we lack staff. Secondly, the budget is insufficient. Thirdly, the deadlines are too short.

Formality level

Premièrement belongs to formal or academic registers. In casual conversation, d’abord or pour commencer are more natural:

Formal: Premièrement, cette théorie présente des lacunes.

Casual: D’abord, cette théorie a des problèmes.

En premier: in first position

En premier means “in first (position)” or “as the first one.” It emphasizes the order of actions or items in a sequence.

Position and order

  • Il est arrivé en premier. — He arrived first.
  • Qui veut parler en premier? — Who wants to speak first?
  • J’ai mis ton nom en premier sur la liste. — I put your name first on the list.
  • En premier, nous verrons le cas de la France. — First, we’ll look at the case of France.

Comparison with d’abord

While both can mean “first,” en premier emphasizes position while d’abord emphasizes temporal sequence:

  • Je vais d’abord finir mes devoirs. — I’m going to finish my homework first. (before other things)
  • Je vais finir mes devoirs en premier. — I’m going to finish my homework first. (as the first task)

Au premier abord: first impressions

Au premier abord means “at first glance” or “at first sight,” referring to initial impressions or superficial examination.

Initial perception

  • Au premier abord, elle semble timide. — At first glance, she seems shy.
  • Le problème paraît simple au premier abord. — The problem appears simple at first sight.
  • Au premier abord, on pourrait croire qu’il ment. — At first glance, one might think he’s lying.

Similar expressions

  • À première vue — At first sight
  • De prime abord — At first glance (literary)
  • Au premier coup d’œil — At first glance

Examples:

  • À première vue, tout va bien. — At first sight, everything’s fine.
  • De prime abord, cette solution semble idéale. — At first glance, this solution seems ideal.

Context-specific uses

Academic and formal writing

In essays and formal presentations, several expressions structure arguments:

  • En premier lieu — In the first place
  • Dans un premier temps — In a first phase, initially
  • Pour commencer — To begin with
  • Premièrement — Firstly

Example:

  • Dans un premier temps, nous examinerons les causes historiques. — Initially, we will examine the historical causes.

Conversational priority

In everyday speech, expressing what matters most:

  • En premier — First, as a priority
  • Avant tout — Above all
  • D’abord et avant tout — First and foremost

Examples:

  • Pense à ta santé en premier. — Think of your health first.
  • Avant tout, sois honnête. — Above all, be honest.

Instructions and procedures

When giving step-by-step directions:

  • D’abord — First
  • Pour commencer — To start
  • La première étape consiste à… — The first step consists of…

Examples:

  • D’abord, allumez l’appareil. — First, turn on the device.
  • Pour commencer, lavez-vous les mains. — To start, wash your hands.
  • La première étape consiste à mélanger les ingrédients secs. — The first step consists of mixing the dry ingredients.

Common phrases and idioms

Fixed expressions with premier

  • De premier ordre — First-rate, top-quality
  • En première ligne — On the front line
  • Le premier venu — Any random person, the first person to come along
  • Dès le premier jour — From day one
  • Au premier rang — In the front row, at the forefront

Examples:

  • C’est un restaurant de premier ordre. — It’s a first-rate restaurant.
  • Les médecins sont en première ligne contre l’épidémie. — Doctors are on the front line against the epidemic.
  • Ce n’est pas le premier venu. — He’s not just anyone.
  • Dès le premier jour, j’ai su que ça marcherait. — From day one, I knew it would work.

Expressions with d’abord

  • D’abord et avant tout — First and foremost
  • Tout d’abord — First of all
  • D’abord…, ensuite… — First…, then…

Examples:

  • D’abord et avant tout, soyez prudents. — First and foremost, be careful.
  • Tout d’abord, permettez-moi de me présenter. — First of all, allow me to introduce myself.

Distinguishing between main options

Premier/première vs d’abord

Premier/première describes position in a sequence (ordinal), while d’abord describes temporal order:

  • Le premier chapitre est intéressant. — The first chapter is interesting. (ordinal position)
  • Lis d’abord le premier chapitre. — Read the first chapter first. (temporal instruction)

D’abord vs premièrement

D’abord works in both casual and formal contexts for temporal sequence. Premièrement specifically structures formal arguments:

Neutral: D’abord, je voudrais dire quelque chose.

Formal enumeration: Premièrement, la situation économique; deuxièmement, la politique sociale.

En premier vs d’abord

En premier emphasizes being first in order or rank. D’abord emphasizes doing something before other things:

  • Il a fini en premier. — He finished in first place.
  • Il a d’abord fini ses devoirs. — He finished his homework first (before doing other things).

Register and style considerations

Formal contexts

Academic writing, business communications, and official documents prefer:

  • Premièrement
  • En premier lieu
  • Dans un premier temps
  • Tout d’abord

Informal contexts

Casual conversation favors:

  • D’abord
  • Pour commencer
  • En premier

Neutral contexts

These work across registers:

  • Premier/première (adjective)
  • D’abord
  • Tout d’abord

Summary

French expresses “first” through several distinct terms. Premier/première functions as an ordinal adjective for sequential position. D’abord indicates temporal priority in actions or events. Premièrement serves as a formal discourse marker for enumerating arguments. En premier emphasizes being first in order or rank. Au premier abord refers to initial impressions. The choice depends on whether you’re describing position, sequence, priority, or structure in formal argumentation.

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