sur & sous

Sur and sous are common French prepositions. They often translate as on and under. Start with place, then learn a few key extended uses.


Sur

  • Le livre est sur la table. “The book is on the table.”
  • Le chat est sur le canapé. “The cat is on the sofa.”
  • Il y a une photo sur le mur. “There is a photo on the wall.”
  • Elle pose son sac sur la chaise. “She puts her bag on the chair.”
  • Il monte sur le toit. “He climbs onto the roof.”
  • Un livre sur la France. “A book about France.”
  • Un film sur la guerre. “A film about the war.”
  • Un cours sur le passé composé. “A lesson on the past tense.”
  • Compter sur quelqu’un. “To rely on someone.”
  • Se baser sur des faits. “To base oneself on facts.”
  • Ils sont sur dix personnes. “They are about ten people.”
  • Le travail dure sur deux jours. “The work lasts about two days.”

Alternatives to sur

  • à propos de for about
  • au sujet de for about
  • environ for about, approximate number
  • pendant for duration

Sous

  • Le chat est sous la table. “The cat is under the table.”
  • Il est sous le lit. “He is under the bed.”
  • Le village est sous la neige. “The village is under the snow.”
  • Il passe sous le pont. “He goes under the bridge.”
  • Elle glisse la lettre sous la porte. “She slides the letter under the door.”
  • Sous le contrôle de la police. “Under police control.”
  • Sous la direction de Marie. “Under the direction of Marie.”
  • Sous pression. “Under pressure.”
  • Sous menace. “Under threat.”
  • Sous zéro. “Below zero.”
  • Sous la moyenne. “Below average.”

Alternatives to sous

  • en dessous de for under
  • au-dessous de for formal use
  • sous l’autorité de for control

Sur vs sous side by side

  • Le livre est sur la table. “The book is on the table.”
  • Le livre est sous la table. “The book is under the table.”
  • Un livre sur la politique. “A book about politics.”
  • Un pays sous pression. “A country under pressure.”

Summary

  • Sur often shows contact or focus
  • Sous shows a lower position or control
  • Both are used in many everyday expressions

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